Alternative therapy improves hematological profiles of captive snakes from northeastern Brazil / Efeitos positivos de uma terapia alternativa nos perfis hematológicos de serpentes cativas no nordeste brasileiro

Objective: Evaluate the effects of alternative therapy on the hematological profiles of different families of captive snakes. Methodology: Captive snakes at NUROF-UFC were submitted to a clinical and hematological evaluation before and after applying an alternative treatment, including systematic sunbathing and hydration by soaking bathes twice a week for five weeks. The biometric, clinical, and hematological data were compared by multivariate analysis of variance and investigated for possible causal relationships by general linear models. Results: A significant difference was observed between erythrograms and global leukograms in the three families of snakes evaluated before and after treatment. The significant reduction in the heterophil: lymphocyte ratio in the Family Colubridae after treatment was noteworthy. Discussion: The results were most likely due to stress level reduction by improving thermoregulation and conversion of vitamin D during sunbathing, oral rehydration and refreshing in soaking baths, and general metabolic rates due to physical exercise. Conclusion: The results confirm the initial hypothesis, assuming that a simple but systematic treatment that included sunlight exposure and immersion hydration was efficient in reducing stress rates.

Objetivo: Avaliar a influência de banhos de sol e de imersão em água nos perfis hematológicos de serpentes cativas, antes e após a aplicação deste tratamento alternativo. Metodologia: Serpentes cativas no NUROF-UFC foram submetidas à avaliação clínica e hematológica, depois submetidas ao tratamento alternativo por cinco semanas, sendo novamente avaliadas após. Os dados obtidos foram submetidos à análise estatística multivariada (NPMANOVA e GLM) para investigação de possíveis relações causais entre o tratamento e os perfis hematológicos. Resultados: Foi observada diferença significativa entre os eritrogramas e leucogramas nas três famílias de serpentes avaliadas antes e após o tratamento. Ressalta-se a redução significativa na razão heterófilos:linfócitos na Família Colubridae após o tratamento. Discussão: A diferença estatística deveu-se provavelmente à redução nos níveis de estresse, possibilitada por aquecimento e aumento de conversão da vitamina D durante a exposição solar; reidratação oral e refrescância nos banhos de imersão, e ao recondicionamento pelo exercício físico. Conclusão: Os resultados confirmaram a hipótese inicial, admitindo que um tratamento alternativo, simples mas aplicado sistematicamente, que incluiu exposição à luz solar e hidratação por imersão em água foi eficiente em reduzir as taxas de estresse em serpentes cativas.

Uso de evidencia genética en la investigación del tráfico ilegal de reptiles en Colombia: reporte de caso / Use of genetic evidence in the investigation of illegal reptile trafficking in Colombia. Case Report

Justificación: En Colombia, el comercio de especies de fauna silvestre sin la documentación necesaria es prohibido por ley, por lo que, en el contexto de una investigación penal sobre venta de reptiles a través de internet, como parte de una diligencia de allanamiento y registro, se realizó el procesamiento del lugar de los hechos. Objetivo: realizar la asignación taxonómica más probable utilizando análisis genético en muestras biológicas recolectadas del lugar de los hechos para establecer la presencia de reptiles, dada la ausencia de animales en el momento del allanamiento. Métodos: se recolectaron seis muestras biológicas que incluyeron un trozo de muda de piel, hisopados de superficies y materia fecal, para su posterior procesamiento siguiendo los protocolos de análisis establecidos. Se realizó extracción de ADN empleando sílice y se amplificó un marcador mitocondrial 12S-120pb; los fragmentos resultantes fueron secuenciados y las secuencias fueron comparadas con la información disponible en la base de datos Genbank mediante el algoritmo BLASTn. Resultados y discusión: a partir de los datos obtenidos de la comparación realizada, 100% de cobertura y 100% de identidad y tras analizar las características de cada grupo taxonómico y la información genética disponible se realizó la asignación taxonómica. En la muestra de muda de piel se encontró dificultad para la amplificación y secuenciación de todo el fragmento, lo que limitó el empleo de marcadores de mayor tamaño, sin embargo, a partir de la información obtenida se logró la identificación de la especie Boa constrictor (boa común); en el caso de la materia fecal y los hisopados se determinó la presencia de muestras provenientes de grupos taxonómicos comúnmente empleados para alimentación de algunas especies de reptiles, como Mus musculus (ratón común) y el género Rattus (especies de ratas). Conclusión: El marcador mitocondrial 12S-120pb empleado en este caso resultó exitoso para la obtención de secuencias a partir de muestras forenses, sin embargo, la utilización de cualquier marcador para la asignación taxonómica depende en gran medida de la información disponible y las características propias de cada grupo taxonómico...(AU)

Quantitative study of wild animals received at the Wild Animals Triage Centers (CETAS) in Bahia and identification of trafficking routes / Estudo quantitativo de animais silvestres recebidos nos Centros de Triagens de Animais Silvestres (CETAS) da Bahia e identificação de rotas de tráfico

In Brazil, the illegal capture of wild animals is a crime that contributes to the extinction of species, besides causing environmental imbalance and suffering to the animals. Here, we undertook a quantitative survey of animals sent to the "Centro de Triagem de Animais Silvestres" (CETAS - Wild Animals Triage Centers) from units of Porto Seguro, Salvador, and Vitória da Conquista during 2009-2019. The 19,317, 34,460, and 43,874 specimens were registered in the units of Porto Seguro, Vitória da Conquista, and Salvador, respectively. The distribution of the totals by class included 80,948 (82.90%) birds, 12,007 (12.30%) reptiles, 4,661 (4.77%) mammals, and 35 arachnids (0.03%). The operations that generated registration at the CETAS were most frequently apprehensions (67,974; 69.67%), followed by voluntary surrender (13,367; 13.69%), rescues (12,803; 13.11%), and transfers (2,735; 2.67%). The animals came from 236 municipalities in the state of Bahia, with emphasis on the municipalities of Salvador, Vitória da Conquista, Feira de Santana, Lençóis, Jequié, and Paulo Afonso. The evaluation of the quantitative seizures by municipalities indicates that the BR-116 is one of the most representative routes for the illegal traffic of wild animals in the state of Bahia and the country.(AU)

No Brasil a captura ilegal de animais silvestres é crime e contribui para a extinção das espécies, além de causar desequilíbrios ambientais e sofrimentos aos animais. Este trabalho apresenta quantitativos de animais recebidos e/ou armazenados nos Centros de Triagem de Animais Silvestres (CETAS) do estado da Bahia, no período de 2009-2019. Os totais de 19.317, 34.460 e 43.874 espécimes foram registrados nas unidades de Porto Seguro, Vitória da Conquista e Salvador, respectivamente. A distribuição dos totais por classe incluiu 80.948 (82,90%) aves, 12.007 (12,30%) répteis, 4.661 (4,77%) mamíferos e 35 aracnídeos. Quanto à natureza da operação que gerou o registro nos CETAS, as mais frequentes foram apreensão (67.974; 69,67%), entrega voluntária (13.367; 13,69%), resgate (12.803; 13,11%) e transferência (2.735; 2,67%). Os animais foram apreendidos em 236 municípios do estado da Bahia, com destaque para Salvador, Vitória da Conquista, Feira de Santana, Lençóis, Jequié e Paulo Afonso. A avaliação dos quantitativos das apreensões por municípios indica que a BR-116 é uma das rotas de escoamento mais representativa do tráfico ilegal de animais silvestres, no estado da Bahia e no país.(AU)

Clinical and post mortem examination of white worm lizards (Amphisbaena alba) in the State of Paraíba, Northeastern Brazil: morphological, pathological and radiographic findings of a secretive species / Exame clínico e post mortem de anfisbenas (Amphisbaena alba) no Estado da Paraíba, Nordeste do Brasil: achados morfológicos, patológicos e radiográficos de uma espécie reservada

Amphisbenians are limbless reptiles that belong to the order Squamata. Due to their fossorial and secrevie habits, little is known about their morphology, ecology and pathological conditions that may affect them. In this manuscript, we present a brief guide for identification of normal structures as well as traumatic injuries on radiography and necropsy of Amphisbaena alba. From April to September 2019, three cases of A. alba with suspected trauma were referred to the Veterinary Hospital of the Federal University of Paraíba (UFPB). In the clinical evaluation, traumatic injuries were observed, and support therapy was instituted, but they did not resist and died shortly after. Bone fractures and organ ruptures, in addition to specific structures of this species were identified on radiography. A systematic necropsy was performed of all amphisbaenians in order to evaluate external and internal structures, not only to identify lesions but also to investigate the morphological aspects of amphisbenids. Macroscopically, multiple organ fractures and ruptures observed in radiographs were confirmed, in addition to the presence of the cestodes Semenoviella amphisbaenae in the large intestine. Histologically, it was possible to identify normal characteristics and microscopic lesions in the tissues. This is the first study to incorporate morphological, clinical, and pathological aspects of A. alba. This manuscript brings essential information for wildlife veterinarians and pathologists who may have to treat or perform a necropsy on these unique reptiles.(AU)

Anfisbenas são répteis desprovidos de membros que pertencem a ordem Squamata. Devido a seus hábitos fossoriais e reclusos, pouco se conhece sobre sua morfologia, ecologia e condições patológicas que possam afetá-las. Neste artigo, um guia sucinto para a necropsia, identificação de tecidos e órgãos e lesões encontradas em Amphisbaena alba, é apresentado. Durante março e dezembro de 2019, três casos de A. alba com suspeita de trauma foram encaminhados ao Hospital Veterinário da Universidade Federal da Paraíba. Na avaliação clínica foram observadas lesões traumáticas e instituído um suporte terapêutico, porém não resistiram e morreram em seguida. Foram realizadas projeções radiográficas onde identificaram fraturas e ruptura de órgãos, além de identificar estruturas específicas dessa espécie. Uma avaliação completa de estruturas externas e internas foi conduzida para investigar aspectos morfológicos dos anfisbenídeos. Macroscopicamente foram confirmadas múltiplas fraturas e rupturas de órgãos observadas anteriormente nas radiografias, além disso evidenciou no intestino grosso presença de parasitos anoplocéfalos denominados Semenoviella amphisbaenae. Na histologia foi possível identificar características normais e lesões microscópicas nos tecidos. Esse é o primeiro estudo a incorporar aspectos morfológicos, clínicos e patológicos de A. alba. Esse manuscrito traz informações essenciais para clínicos e patologistas de animais selvagens que podem se deparar com casos clínicos ou de necropsia de Amphisbaena alba.(AU)

Effect of environmental parameters on squamate reptiles in an urban forest fragment in central Amazonia

The increasing urbanization of the Amazonian biome has promoted the creation of several forest fragments surrounded by an urban matrix, but the relationship of animal assemblages to the urban environment, especially in forest fragments, is poorly known. Here we aimed to 1) determine the composition of the squamate fauna of the largest urban forest fragment from central Amazonia, in the Brazilian city of Manaus, and 2) evaluate the influence of environmental parameters on assemblage diversity. We sampled 10 standardized riparian plots through visual search in six surveys between 2008/09 and 2015, totaling 360 observer-hours. We found 15 species of lacertoids (lizards and amphisbaenians) and seven species of snakes through active search. After considering occasional encounters and search in museum collections, we recorded a total of 24 lacertoid and 22 snake species. Multiple regression models indicated that species richness and abundance of individuals increased with the distance from the edge of the fragment, while other structural parameters of the environment did not affect the assemblage. We conclude that this forest fragment 1) consists of a subset of the regional species pool, and 2) undergoes reduction of species richness and abundance of individuals from the center to the borders. This and additional urban forest fragments should be continually monitored in order to evaluate their long-term role in maintaining the tropical biodiversity. (AU)

Detection of anti-Leptospira spp. agglutinins in captive South American river turtles, Podocnemis expansa

Leptospirosis is a zoonosis transmitted by contact with infected urine or water contaminated with the agent. Searches for Leptospira spp. in reptiles are scarce although most species have contact with aquatic environments. We evaluated the presence of anti-Leptospira spp. antibodies in Podocnemis expansa housed at the Amazonian Zoobotanical Garden, in Belém, Pará state, Brazil. We analyzed 74 serum samples through the microscopic agglutination test using 31 live antigens from different Leptospira spp. serogroups. Thirty samples (40.5%) were positive against Leptospira spp., with titrations between 100 and 3,200 for one or more serogroups. The Hebdomadis serogroup was the most prevalent, with 26 (87%) out of the 30 positive samples, followed by Djasiman, with two (7%) and Celledoni and Bataviae with one (3%) sample each. The detection of anti-Leptospira spp. agglutinins in P. expansa suggests that the aquatic environment is a transmission route for this pathogen among chelonians. (AU)

Efeitos do propofol administrado por via intracelomática em cágados-de-barbicha (Phrynops geoffroanus) Schweigger, 1812 / Effects of propofol administered by intracelomatic route in Geoffroy's toadhead turtle (Phrynops geoffroanus) Schweigger, 1812

O presente estudo avaliou a influência do regime hídrico sobre efeitos do propofol em Phrynops geoffroanus, bem como a qualidade da contenção farmacológica produzida. Foram utilizados 10 animais, anestesiados em dois momentos com propofol, na dose de 35mg/kg, por via intracelomática, com intervalo de 15 dias. O grupo 1 fora retirado da água 12 horas antes do procedimento e o grupo 2 permaneceu dentro da água até o momento da indução anestésica. Foram mensuradas frequência cardíaca, pressão arterial sistólica, temperatura, frequência respiratória e saturação de oxi-hemoglobina, e avaliados duração do período de latência, período hábil, período de recuperação e qualidade da contenção farmacológica. Houve diferença significativa entre grupos apenas quanto à frequência cardíaca. No grupo 1, as médias dos períodos de latência, hábil anestésico e de recuperação foram de 16,8±8,4, 86,5±79,4 e 1,5±3,8 minutos, respectivamente. Já no grupo 2, as médias foram de 19,9±9,8, 110,9±104,7 e 28,8±58,2 minutos, respectivamente. Concluiu-se que o regime hídrico de 12 horas não influenciou os parâmetros anestésicos e fisiológicos dos animais e que a qualidade da contenção farmacológica foi considerada boa em ambos os grupos.(AU)

The present study evaluated the influence of the water regime on the effects of propofol on Phrynops geoffroanus, as well as the quality of the pharmacological containment produced. Ten animals, anesthetized at two times with propofol at a dose of 35mg / kg, were used intracelomatically with a 15 day interval. Group 1 was withdrawn from the water 12 hours prior to the procedure and Group 2 remained in the water until the time of anesthetic induction. Heart rate, systolic blood pressure, temperature, respiratory rate and oxyhemoglobin saturation were measured and the duration of the latency period, skill period, recovery period and quality of pharmacological containment were measured. There was a significant difference between groups only regarding heart rate. In Group 1, the means of the latency, skillful anesthesia and recovery periods were 16.8±8.4, 86.5±79.4 and 1.5±3.8 minutes, respectively. In Group 2, the mean values were 19.9±9.8, 110.9±104.7 and 28.8±58.2 minutes, respectively. It was concluded that the 12-hour water regime did not influence the anesthetic and physiological parameters of the animals, and the quality of the pharmacological restraint was considered good in both groups.(AU)

First comprehensive report of bacteria spp. associated with cloaca of Laudakia nupta (Sauria: Agamidae) in Iran using molecular studies / 한국실험동물학회지

Iran bears a remarkable variety of reptiles. One of the lizard families occurring in Iran is the Family Agamidae which is widely are distributed throughout the old world. The large-scaled rock agamid, Laudakia nupta, is one of the well-known agamid. There are few reports of cloacal microbial on reptiles hence their function in cloacae remains unknown. Laudakia nupta usually live in rural and urban areas and close vicinity to man, they are likely to play an important role in the spread of disease that may be caused by these microorganisms and their transmission to man. Therefore, the aim of this study was to identify the bacterial flora colonizing the cloacal region of Laudakia nupta using molecular studies. The cloacal fluids were directly placed on nutrient agar (NA) plates and incubated at 25 ± 2 ℃ for 48 h. The resulting bacterial colonies were transferred to fresh nutrient agar (NA) plates for molecular studies. Twelve isolates were obtained from 17 specimens of Laudakia nupta. All bacteria isolates were identified as Bacillus subtillis (5), Bacillus cereus (4), Bacillus sp. (1), Pseudomonas putida (1), and Pseudomonas sp. (1) based on partial sequences of the 16 s rRNA gene. This is the first comprehensive report of bacteria spp. associated with cloaca of Laudakia nupta using molecular studies. In this research, we found that Laudakia nupta can be a carrier of bacteria which can transfer microorganisms to hosts.

New records of Helminths in Reptiles from five states of Brazil / Novos registros de helmintos em répteis de cinco estados do Brasil

Abstract Forty five specimens representing nine species of reptile (Salvator merianae, Enyalius bilineatus, Amphisbaena alba, Xenopholis undulatus, Chironius fuscus, Helicops angulatus, Chironius flavolineatus, Erythrolamprus viridis and Crotalus durissus) collected in five Brazilian states were examined for helminths. Twelve helminth species were found as follow: nine Nematoda (Physaloptera tupinambae, Strongyluris oscari, Paracapillaria sp., Dracunculus brasiliensis, Physaloptera liophis, Serpentirhabias sp. 1, Serpentirhabias sp. 2, Serpentirhabias sp. 3 and Aplectana sp.), one Cestoda (Semenoviella amphisbaenia), one Trematoda (Paracotyletrema sp.), and one Acantocephala (Centrorhynchus sp.). Ten new host records and seven new locality records were reported.

Resumo Quarenta e cinco espécimes que representa nove espécies de répteis (Salvator merianae, Enyalius bilineatus, Amphisbaena alba, Xenopholis undulatus, Chironius fuscus, Helicops angulatus, Chironius flavolineatus, Erythrolamprus viridis e Crotalus durissus) coletados em cinco estados brasileiros foram examinados para helmintos. Foram encontrados doze espécies de helmintos sendo: nove Nematoda (Physaloptera tupinambae, Strongyluris oscari, Paracapillaria sp., Dracunculus brasiliensis, Physaloptera liophis, Serpentirhabias sp. 1, Serpentirhabias sp. 2, Serpentirhabias sp. 3 e Aplectana sp.), um Cestoda (Semenoviella amphisbaenia), um Trematoda (Paracotyletrema sp.) e um Acantocephala (Centrorhynchus sp.). Dez novos registros de hospedeiros e sete novos registros de localidade foram relatados.

Methanolic extract of Rhinella schneideri (Anura: Bufonidae) poison causes ultrastructural changes in nerve terminals of phrenic nerve-diaphragm preparations in mice / Extracto metanólico de Rhinella schneideri (Anura: Bufonidae) causa cambios ultraestructurales en las terminaciones nerviosas de preparaciones de nervio frénico de ratón

Abstract Rhinella schneideri (or Bufo paracnemis), popularly known in Brazil as cururu toad, is also found in other countries in South America. The cardiovascular effects of this poison are largely known and recently was shown that it is capable to affect the neuromuscular junction on avian and mice isolated preparation. In this work, we used transmission electron microscopy to investigate the ultrastructure of the motor nerve terminal and postsynaptic junctional folds of phrenic nerve-hemidiaphragm preparations incubated for either 5 or 60 min with the methanolic extract of R. schneideri (50 µg/mL). In addition, the status of the acetylcholine receptors (AChR) was examined by TRITC-α-bungarotoxin immunofluorescence location at the endplate membrane. The results show that 5 min of incubation with the gland secretion extract significantly decreased (32 %) the number of synaptic vesicles into the motor nerve terminal, but did not decrease the electron density on the top of the junctional folds where nicotinic receptors are concentrated; however, 60 min of incubation led to significant nerve terminal reloading in synaptic vesicles whereas the AChR immunoreactivity was not as marked as in control and after 5 min incubation. Muscle fibers were well-preserved but intramuscular motor axons were not. The findings corroborated pharmacological data since the decrease in the number of synaptic vesicles (5 min) followed by recovery (60 min) is in accordance with the transient increase of MEPPs frequency meaning increased neurotransmitter release. These data support the predominant presynaptic mode of action of the R. schneideri, but do not exclude the possibility of a secondary postsynaptic action depending on the time the preparation is exposed to poison. Rev. Biol. Trop. 66(3): 1290-1297. Epub 2018 September 01.

Resumen Rhinella schneideri (o Bufo paracnemis), conocido popularmente en Brasil como sapo cururu, también se encuentra en otros países de América del Sur. Los efectos cardiovasculares de este veneno son ampliamente conocidos y recientemente se demostró que es capaz de afectar la unión neuromuscular en la preparación aislada de aves y ratones. En este trabajo, utilizamos microscopía electrónica de transmisión para investigar la ultraestructura de la terminación nerviosa motora y pliegues de unión postsináptica de preparaciones de nervio frénico-hemidiafragma incubadas durante 5 o 60 min con el extracto metanólico de R. schneideri (50 μg/mL). Además, se examinó el estado de los receptores de acetilcolina (AChR) mediante la ubicación de inmunofluorescencia de TRITC-α-bungarotoxina en la membrana de la placa terminal. Los resultados muestran que 5 min de incubación con el extracto de secreción de glándula disminuyeron significativamente (32 %) el número de vesículas sinápticas en el terminal del nervio motor, pero no disminuyeron la densidad electrónica en la parte superior de los pliegues de unión donde se concentran los receptores nicotínicos. Sin embargo, 60 min de incubación condujeron a una recarga significativa de los terminales nerviosos en las vesículas sinápticas, mientras que la inmunorreactividad del AChR no fue tan marcada como en el control y después de 5 min de incubación. Las fibras musculares estaban bien conservadas, pero los axones motores intramusculares no. Los hallazgos corroboraron los datos farmacológicos ya que la disminución en el número de vesículas sinápticas (5 min) seguida de recuperación (60 min) está de acuerdo con el aumento transitorio de la frecuencia de MEPPs, lo que significa una mayor liberación de neurotransmisores. Estos datos apoyan el modo de acción presináptico predominante de R. schneideri, pero no excluyen la posibilidad de una acción postsináptica secundaria dependiendo del tiempo en que la preparación esté expuesta al veneno.

Death-feigning behaviour in Iphisa elegans: the second reported case in the Family Gymnophthalmidae (Reptilia: Squamata) / Comportamento de tanatose em Iphisa elegans: o segundo caso na Família Gymnophthalmidae (Reptilia: Squamata)

Death-feigning behaviour occurs when the animal simulates a state of immobility. This behaviour is described for some lizard families, among them the family Gymnophthalmidae with only one record. Iphisa elegans is a diurnal and terrestrial Amazonian gymnophtalmid lizard. It has cryptic behavior and moves rapidly on the ground, hindering observations of its behavior. We report a case at the Comodoro Municipality, Mato Grosso State, Brazil. An adult male of I. elegans, when manipulated, turned its venter up and put itself in a death-feigning posture. This species is preyed upon by birds, snakes and other lizards¸ possibly behaving this way when the cryptic behaviour or escape attempt fails. More studies are necessary to evaluate the efficiency of this behaviour, as well as its frequency of occurrence, using individuals of both sexes. We also suggest to evaluate if the orange venter of males could have any antipredation advantage.

Fingir-se de morto é um comportamento no qual o animal simula um estado de imobilidade. Esse comportamento é descrito em algumas famílias de lagartos, dentre as quais, a família Gymnophthalmidae com apenas um registro. Iphisa elegans é um lagarto gymnoftalmídeo amazônico diurno e terrestre. Possui comportamento críptico e move-se rapidamente pelo solo, dificultando observações de seu comportamento. Reportamos um caso no município de Comodoro, Estado do Mato Grosso, Brasil: um macho adulto de I. elegans, quando manipulado, virou seu ventre para cima e fingiu-se de morto. Esta espécie é predada por pássaros, serpentes e outros lagartos, possivelmente portando-se dessa forma quando o comportamento críptico ou tentativa de fuga falham. São necessários mais estudos para observar a eficiência desse comportamento, assim como sua frequência de ocorrência, usando indivíduos de ambos os sexos. Também sugerimos que deve ser avaliado se a coloração alaranjada no ventre dos machos poderia fornecer alguma vantagem antipredação.

Relación entre áreas y variables ambientales espaciales con el atropellamiento y cruce de la fauna silvestre en la carretera de la Franja Transversal del Norte, Cobán, Guatemala / Areas and spatial environmental variables related with the trampling and wildlife crossing in the Northern Transversal Road in Coban, Guatemala

Dentro del Proyecto vial de la Franja Transversal del Norte en Cobán se planea asfaltar 10 km del trayecto en el Parque Nacional Laguna Lachuá. Esto impactará a la fauna de no considerarse medidas de mitigación del atropellamiento. La investigación evaluó los patrones espaciales del atropellamiento de vertebrados, la frecuencia de cruce de aves y categorizó las secciones de la carretera en dicho trayecto, según variables ambientales (humedales, usos del suelo, cobertura; y ancho, asfaltado y ubicación de la carretera) con el fin de determinar los sitios más eficientes para la aplicación de medidas de mitigación. En el 2016, se realizaron 20 recorridos, donde se georreferenció, fotografió e identificó a los individuos atropellados; tres recorridos en los meses de febrero, marzo y abril, cinco en mayo y seis en junio; 12 recorridos fueron realizados adicionalmente cuantificando el cruce de aves para determinar que sitios podrían ser futuramente impactados. Finalmente, para un análisis más completo, el trayecto de la carretera bajo estudio fue dividido en 19 secciones (T1-T19) de 550 m cada uno. Fueron empleadas: estadística descriptiva, análisis de componentes principales (ACP), correspondencia canónica (CCA) y análisis de correspondencia (AC), para relacionar variables ambientales con atropellamiento y frecuencia de cruce. La mayoría de atropellamientos (80 %) ocurrieron en zonas asfaltadas, los anfibios fueron los más atropellados (125 individuos, 75 %), seguido por reptiles 21 (12 %), mamíferos 11 (7 %) y aves 10 (6 %). La mayor frecuencia de cruce ocurrió en zonas con humedales y alta cobertura boscosa (T1, T3, T6, T7 y T10) siendo estas secciones prioritarias para mitigación.

The Franja Transversal del Norte road project in the Coban Province plans to pave a 10 km long dirt road inside the Laguna Lachua National Park. This will impact the fauna if no mitigation measure for wildlife-vehicle collision is considered. The research evaluated the spatial patterns of the vertebrate´s roadkills, the bird's road-crossing frequency, and categorized the road section based on environmental variables (wetlands, land use, coverture; and road's width, location, and paved or not paved) to determine the most efficient sites for the application of mitigation measures. In 2016, 20 treks were made to detect, geo-reference, photograph and identify road killed individuals, three treks in the months of February, March, and April, five in May and six in June; 12 additional treks were made to quantify birds' road-crossing to determine the sites that could be impacted in the future. Finally, for a further analysis, the road section under study was divided into 19 segments (T1-T19), 550 m long each. A combination of descriptive statistics, principal component analysis (PCA), canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) and correspondence analysis (CA) were employed to relate the spatial environmental variables with roadkill and road-crossing frequency. Eighty percent of the roadkill's occurred in the paved zones, the amphibians were the most affected (125 carcasses, 75 %), followed by reptiles 21 (12 %), mammals 11 (7 %) and birds 10 (6 %). The highest road-crossing frequencies were related to wetlands and high forest cover (T1, T3, T6, T7, T10) being priority areas for the application of mitigation measures.

Muscular anatomy of the pectoral girdle and forelimb of Iguana i. iguana (Squamata: Iguanidae) / Anatomia muscular do cíngulo peitoral e membro torácico de Iguana i. iguana (Squamata: Iguanidae)

Green iguana has arboreal and terrestrial habits. It is widely distributed in Central and South America, inhabiting several biomes in Brazil. Some researches were focused on this species, however, morphological information are still limited. With that in sight, we aimed to add data to the anatomical knowledge. Two post mortem specimen of Iguana i. iguana were acquired, donated by a scientific breeding, and dissected. To describe the muscles we refuted the skin and removed the fascias, individualizing the muscles. We identified the following muscles: pectoralis, deltoideus clavicularis, deltoideus scapularis, trapezius, latissimus dorsi, coracobrachialis brevis, coracobrachialis longus, serratus thoracis, levator scapulae, biceps brachii and triceps brachii. Some of them, like coracobrachialis brevis, present conservative anatomy, originating from the ventral surface of the coracoid and inserting onto the proximal humerus. Some, like trapezius and biceps brachii, are similar to other reptile species, trapezius takes its origin from the thoracodorsal fascia and biceps arises by two heads and inserts on the radial tuberosity. Deltoideus clavicularis and deltoideus scapularis share a common insertion tendon. Pectoralis varies its origin and divisions, however, the insertion always occur on the deltopectoral crest. Triceps brachii is comprised of four heads. Its long medial head originates via a tendinous arc, feature described only in crocodilians. We conclude that Iguana i. iguana forelimb musculature is similar to other reptiles, presenting its own characteristics that reflect its habits.

Iguanas verdes tem hábitos arbóreos, terrestres e aquáticos, e são totalmente herbívoras. Tem ampla distribuição na América Central e do Sul, habitando vários biomas no Brasil. Investigações diversas tiveram esta espécie como foco, embora informações morfológicas sejam ainda escassas. Objetivando adicionar dados ao conhecimento anatômico, dois espécimes de Iguana i. iguana foram obtidos post mortem, por doação de um criadouro científico, e dissecados. Os músculos foram individualizados para identificação e descrição das origens, inserções e características. Alguns músculos, como o coracobraquial curto, apresentam morfologia conservativa, sua origem ocorre na superfície ventral do coracóide e inserção na epífise proximal do úmero. O trapézio, o bíceps braquial e o deltóide clavicular se apresentam similares à outros répteis, com a origem do trapézio na fáscia toracodorsal e o bíceps, com duas cabeças, se inserindo no tubérculo do rádio. O deltóide clavicular possui o tendão de inserção unido ao do músculo deltóide escapular. O músculo peitoral apresenta variações em sua origem e divisões, mas a inserção sempre ocorre na crista deltopeitoral. A origem da cabeça longa caudal do tríceps ocorre por meio de arco tendíneo, característica antes descrita apenas em crocodilianos. A musculatura de Iguana i. iguana se apresenta similar à de outros répteis no geral, com características próprias refletindo seus hábitos.

Aerobic bacteria in oral cavity of Lancehead snakes (Bothrops atrox) with stomatitis / Bactérias aeróbicas da cavidade oral de jararaca-do-norte (Bothrops atrox) com estomatite

Stomatitis is a common disease found on snake farms, and Gram-negative bacilli are the main etiological agents that play an important role as secondary sources of viral or parasitic infections. The purpose of this work was to identify the aerobic bacteria in the oral cavity of Bothrops atrox with stomatitis. Samples for microbiological examination were collected from 12 snakes bred on a commercial snake farm for venom extraction. Samples of the secretion in the oral cavity of each serpent presenting stomatitis were collected from fang sheath, using a cotton swab with sterile alginate. The samples were incubated and cultured on Petri dishes containing blood agar and XLD agar using the agar depletion technique. Bacterial growth occurred in all analyzed samples collected from the oral cavity of Bothrops atrox with stomatitis, and some of the samples contained more than one microorganism. The following Gram-negative bacteria were isolated: Escherichia coli (26.31%), Citrobacter spp. (21.05%), Proteus spp. (15.78%) and Salmonella spp. (10.52%). The only Gram-positive bacterium that was isolated was Staphylococcus spp., which was present in 26.31% of the analyzed samples.

A estomatite é uma das doenças mais frequentes em criatórios comerciais de serpentes, sendo os bacilos Gram-negativos os principais agentes etiológicos com importante papel, como fontes secundárias, nas infecções virais ou parasitárias. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi analisar as bactérias aeróbicas presentes na cavidade oral em serpentes da espécie Bothrops atrox. Utilizaram-se 12 amostras colhidas com auxílio de swab estéril na região da bainha da presa, em serpentes que apresentaram estomatite, em um criatório comercial. As amostras foram cultivadas em Ágar-sangue e Ágar XLD. Em todas as amostras analisadas, houve crescimento de, pelo menos, um microrganismo. As bactérias Gram-negativas isoladas foram Escherichia coli (26,31%), Citrobacter spp. (21,05%), Proteus spp. (15,78%) e Salmonella spp. (10,52%). A única bactéria Gram-positiva isolada foi a Staphylococcus spp., presente em 26,31% das amostras analisadas.

Origins of plexus brachial in Iguana iguana iguana / Origens do plexo braquial da Iguana iguana iguana

This paper aims to describe the origin of the brachial plexus of 12 iguanas, male and female, which were donated already dead by the Wild Animal Screening Center and Independent Company of Highway and Environmental Police of the Araguaína, Tocantins State, to Veterinary Anatomy Laboratory of Federal University of Tocantins, Araguaína campus These animals were fixed by intramuscular injections of aqueous 10% formalin. It was made a parallel incision to dorsal midline from the skull to the caudal ribs. It was pulled all the epiaxial muscles eight ribs, the periosteum, exposing and individualizing the ventral rami of spinal nerves that make up the brachial plexus. The ventral rami of spinal nerves C6, C7, C8, T1 and T2 form the brachial plexus in 12 iguanas. In 41.6% of cases, the branches involved were C6, C7, C8 and T1; in 33.4%, the branches C6, C7, C8, T1 and T2; 16.6% the branches C7, C8, T1 and T2 and in 8.4%, the branches C7, C8 and T1. The branches ventral C7, C8 and T1 formed three trunks and C6 and T2, when present, consisted of nervous fillet. There was variation in number of vertebrae in Iguana iguana iguana which caused oscillations in anastomoses, that constitute the nerves of brachial plexus. The axillary, subscapular, cutaneous, pectoral, coracobrachialis, radial, median, ulnar, thoracodorsal nerves are the main nerves that constitute the brachial plexus in iguanas.

Esse trabalho tem como objetivo descrever a origem do plexo braquial de 12 iguanas, machos e fêmeas, doados mortos pelo Centro de Triagem de Animais Silvestres e Companhia Independente de Polícia Rodoviária e Ambiental ­ Araguaína ­ Tocantins, ao Laboratório de Anatomia da Universidade Federal do Tocantins, campus de Araguaína. Fixou-se os animais com injeções intramusculares de solução aquosa de formalina a 10%. Realizou-se uma incisão paralela a linha mediana dorsal desde o crânio até a região caudal das costelas. Retirou toda a musculatura epiaxial, oito costelas, o periósteo, expondo e individualizando os ramos ventrais dos nervos espinhais que compõem o plexo braquial. Os ramos ventrais dos nervos espinhais C6, C7, C8, T1 e T2 formam o plexo braquial nas 12 iguanas. Em 41,6% dos casos, os ramos envolvidos foram C6, C7, C8 e T1; em 33,4%, os ramos C6, C7, C8, T1 e T2; em 16,6 % os ramos C7, C8, T1 e T2 e em 8,4%, os ramos C7, C8 e T1. Dos ramos ventrais C7, C8 e T1 formavam três troncos e C6 e T2, quando presentes, consistiam de filetes nervosos. Houve variação no número de vértebras na Iguana iguana iguana, que provocaram oscilações nas anastomoses que constituem os nervos do plexo braquial nas iguanas. Os nervos axillar, subscapular, cutâneo, peitoral, coracobraquial, radial, mediano, ulnar e toracodorsal são os principais nervos que constituem o plexo braquial nas iguanas.

Evaluación del color, las propiedades texturales y sensoriales de salchicha elaborada con carne de babilla (Caiman Crocodilus Fuscus) / Evaluation of the color, texture and sensory properties of sausage made with spectacled caiman meat (Caiman Crocodilus Fuscus)

In the present investigation, 10 tails from spectacled caimans (Caiman crocodilus) 2 Kg each, packed under vacuum at -20 ° C and stored for 8 days were used. A sausage was made with the lean meat and was evaluated by color, texture and sensory quality to observe freshness, conduct a sensory analysis and texture profile analysis (TPA). The color parameters were L*= 65.04, a*= -0.98 and b*= 0.98. Because of the high brightness it is considered a type of white meat. A cut strength measurement of 7.67 Kgf was obtained by Warner Bratzler method, which is considered as intermediate tenderness. The sausage was very well received by evaluators for taste. The TPA results of hardness, adhesiveness, springiness, cohesiveness, gumminess and chewiness were 2.01 N, j -8.53, 0.83 0.74, 14.71 N and 12.26 N respectively, showing that spectacled caiman meat has good quality for the production of meat emulsions and, as the cooking loss percentage was 5.9%, also has good stability.

En la presente investigación, se utilizaron 10 colas de babilla (Caiman crocodilus) de 2 Kg cada una, empacadas al vacío a -20 °C y almacenadas durante 8 días. Con la carne magra se elaboró una salchicha a la cual se le evaluó el color, la textura y la calidad sensorial para observar su frescura y a una salchicha elaborada análisis sensorial y un análisis de perfil de textura (TPA). Los parámetros de color fueron L*= 65.04, a*= -0.98 y b*= 0.98, por lo que se considera un tipo de carne blanca lo cual está determinado por la alta luminosidad, se obtuvo una fuerza de corte con cizalla Warner Bratzler de 7,67 Kgf que se considera como de terneza intermedia. La salchicha elaborada presentó muy buena aceptación por parte de los evaluadores en cuanto a su sabor, en el TPA los resultados de dureza, adhesividad, elasticidad, cohesividad, gomosidad y masticabilidad fueron 2,01 N, -8,53 j, 0,83, 0,74, 14,71 N y 12,26 N respectivamente, evidenciando que la carne de babilla presenta una buena calidad para la elaboración de emulsiones cárnicas, además, presenta una buena estabilidad debido a que el porcentaje de pérdidas por cocción fue de 5,9 %.

Premaxillary crest variation within the Wukongopteridae (Reptilia, Pterosauria) and comments on cranial structures in pterosaurs

ABSTRACT Cranial crests show considerable variation within the Pterosauria, a group of flying reptiles that developed powered flight. This includes the Wukongopteridae, a clade of non-pterodactyloids, where the presence or absence of such head structures, allied with variation in the pelvic canal, have been regarded as evidence for sexual dimorphism. Here we discuss the cranial crest variation within wukongopterids and briefly report on a new specimen (IVPP V 17957). We also show that there is no significant variation in the anatomy of the pelvis of crested and crestless specimens. We further revisit the discussion regarding the function of cranial structures in pterosaurs and argue that they cannot be dismissed a priori as a valuable tool for species recognition.

Biometria corporal e parâmetros hematológicos de Trachemys scripta elegans e Trachemys dorbignyi (Testudines: Emydidae) criadas em cativeiro em Petrolina, Pernambuco / Body biometry and hematological parameters of Trachemys scripta elegans and Trachemys dorbignyi (Testudines: Emydidae) reared in captivity in Petrolina/PE, Brazil

Este estudo objetivou avaliar a biometria corporal e o perfil hematológico de Trachemys scripta elegans (N=28) e de Trachemys dorbignyi (N=22) criadas em cativeiro na região do submédio do Vale do São Francisco, semiárido nordestino brasileiro, visando estabelecer valores sanguíneos básicos de saúde e gerar dados úteis na fisiologia comparativa de Testudines. Após 120 dias de adaptação e jejum de 24 horas, 2,5 mL de sangue foram coletados do seio occipital dorsal e depositados em tubo com heparina sódica para a avaliação, na sequência, dos níveis hematologicos. A contagem total de eritrócitos (CTE) e global de leucócitos (CGL) foi realizada em câmara de Neubauer; a dosagem de hemoglobina (HGB) pelo método da método da cianometahemoglobina e o hematócrito (HCT) através da técnica do microhematócrito. A partir da CTE estabeleceram-se matematicamente os índices hematimétricos. A biometria corporal também foi avaliada: a) massa corporal (MC, g); b) dimensões máximas da carapaça [comprimento (CMC, cm) e largura (LMC, cm)];c) dimensões máximas do plastrão [comprimento (CMP, cm) e largura (LMP, cm)]; d) comprimento total da cauda (CTC, cm); e) comprimento linear da base da cauda ao orifício cloacal (CprC, cm); f) comprimento linear do orifício cloacal a extremidade da cauda(CpoC, cm). T. scripta elegans apresentaram valores maiores (P < 0,05) para a biometria corporal, enquanto que o CTC e CprC foram maiores (P<0,05) em T dorbignyi. Os níveis hematológicos não diferiram (P>0,05) entre as espécies. Os resultados demostram que a maior parte da variação observada entre T. scripta elegans e T. dorbignyi é explicada pelas variáveis biométricas e que algumas correlações hematológicas caracterizam diferenças interespecíficas. Conclui-se que os resultados lançam luz sobre valores de referência para estas espécies mantidas em cativeiro na região do semiárido e servem como um modelo para a fisiologia comparativa intra e interespécies.(AU)

This study aimed to evaluate the body biometry and hematological profile of Trachemys scripta elegans (N=28) and Trachemys dorbignyi (N=22) reared in captivity in the Brazilian submedium northeastern semi-arid region in the Valley of the São Francisco river. It aimed to establish basic health blood values and generate useful data on the comparative physiology of Testudines. After 120-day adaptation and 24-hour fasting, 2.5mL of blood were collected from the dorsal occipital sinus and deposited into a tube with sodium heparin for evaluation, following, of hematological levels. The red blood cell count (RBC) and GLC was conducted in a Neubauer chamber, the hemoglobin level (HGB) was supplied by the cyanmethemoglobin method and the hematocrit (HCT) was obtained by the microhematocrit technique. Based on the RBC, the hematimetric were mathematically established. Body biometry were also evaluated: a) body mass (BM, g); b) maximum dimensions of the carapace [length (MLC, cm) and width (MWC, cm)]; c) maximum dimensions of plastron [length (MLP, cm) and width (MWP, cm)]; d) total length of tail (TLT, cm); e) linear length from the base of the tail to the cloacal orifice (LPrC, cm); f) linear length from the cloacal orifice to the extremity of the tail (LPoC, cm). T. scripta elegans showed higher values (P<0.05) for biometrics, while TLT and LPrC were higher (P<0.05) in T. dorbignyi. The hematological values did not differ (P>0.05) among species. The results show that most of the variation found between T. scripta elegans and T. dorbignyi is explained by the biometric variables and that some hematologic correlations characterize interspecies differences. It was conclude that the results shed light on benchmarks for these species kept in captivity in the northeastern semi-arid region and serve as a model for intra and interspecies comparative physiology.(AU)

Anti-Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in mammals, birds and reptiles at the zoological-botanical park in João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil / Anticorpos anti-Toxoplasma gondii em mamíferos, aves e répteis no parque zoobotânico em João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brasil

The purpose of this study was to verify the occurrence of anti-Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in 51 wild animals at the Arruda Câmara Zoological-Botanical Park in João Pessoa, PB, Brazil. Blood samples from different bird, mammal and reptile species were analyzed using the Modified Agglutination Test (MAT) with a cut-off point of 1:25. Anti-T. gondii antibodies were detected in 62.4% of the 51 tested animals. The following frequencies were found: 68.9% (20/29) in mammals, 80% (8/10) in birds, and 33.3% (4/12) in reptiles. This paper reports for the first time the occurrence of anti-T. gondii antibodies in birds of the species Pionites leucogaster (caíque), Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus (hyacinth macaw), Pavo cristatus (Indian peafowl), Urubitinga urubitinga (Brazilian eagle), and Buteo melanoleucus (black-and-white hawk-eagle). Reptiles of the species Caiman crocodilus (spectacled caiman), Chelonoidis carbonaria (red-footed tortoise) and Paleosuchus palpebrosus (Cuvier's dwarf caiman) were seropositive for T. gondii, although the significance of the presence of these anti-T. gondii antibodies in this group of animals requires a more in-depth study. We conclude that the frequency of antibodies found in the animals of this zoo is high and that the prophylactic measures that aim to diminish the environmental contamination by oocysts are necessary.(AU)

Este trabalho teve como objetivo verificar a ocorrência de anticorpos anti-Toxoplasma gondii em 51 animais silvestres mantidos no Parque Zoobotânico Arruda Câmara, João Pessoa, Brasil. Para isso, foram avaliadas amostras sanguíneas de diferentes espécies de aves, mamíferos e répteis por meio do Teste de Aglutinação Modificado (MAT) com ponto de corte de 1:25. Dos 51 animais testados, 62,4% apresentaram anticorpos anti-T. gondii. Nos mamíferos, a frequência encontrada foi de 68,9% (20/29), em aves foi de 80% (8/10) e em répteis de 33,3% (4/12). Pela primeira vez é relatada a ocorrência de anticorpos anti-T. gondii em aves das espécies Pionites leucogaster (marianinha-de-cabeça-amarela), Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus (arara-azul-grande), Pavo cristatus (pavão), Urubitinga urubitinga (gavião-preto) e Buteo melanoleucus (águia-chilena). Répteis das espécies Caiman crocodilus (jacaretinga), Chelonoidis carbonaria (jabuti) e Paleosuchus palpebrosus (jacaré-anão) foram soropositivos para T. gondii, embora o significado da presença desses anticorpos anti-T. gondii precise ser mais bem estudado nesse grupo de animais. Conclui-se que é alta a frequência de anticorpos encontrados nos animais do zoológico estudado e que medidas profiláticas que visem diminuir a contaminação ambiental por oocistos são necessárias.(AU)

Efecto del manejo forestal en la herpetofauna de un bosque templado del occidente de Oaxaca, México / Effect of forest management on the herpetofauna of a temperate forest of western Oaxaca, Mexico

ResumenEl desarrollo de técnicas y tratamientos silvícolas tiene como objetivo principal el aumento de la productividad forestal, al mismo tiempo que minimiza el impacto sobre la diversidad. A pesar de ello, estas actividades modifican la estructura de la vegetación, así como el clima local, alterando la composición de las comunidades. El efecto de estos cambios puede ser mayor en aquellos grupos taxonómicos con alta sensibilidad a las alteraciones del hábitat, como es el caso de los anfibios y reptiles, que al ser los únicos vertebrados terrestres ectotermos, pueden verse seriamente afectados por las variaciones de clima local. El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo conocer las diferencias en diversidad de anfibios y reptiles en un bosque templado bajo dos tratamientos silvícolas (uno intensivo y otro de baja intensidad) y con diferentes tiempos de regeneración (uno, cinco y diez años) en la Sierra Sur del estado de Oaxaca, México. Se obtuvieron registros de 21 especies de herpetofauna (seis anfibios y 15 reptiles). La riqueza total de especies fue similar en ambos tratamientos; sin embargo, la composición varió entre sitios con diferentes tiempos de recuperación. La mayor abundancia de anfibios se presentó en los sitios con el tratamiento de baja intensidad, mientras que los reptiles fueron más abundantes en los sitios con el tratamiento intensivo. Se observó un mayor número de especies raras en los sitios intervenidos con el tratamiento intensivo, aunque los valores de diversidad verdadera de anfibios fueron similares entre tratamientos con intensidades diferentes, mientras que en los reptiles se observó una diversidad 33 % menor en los sitios bajo el tratamiento intensivo y un 28 % en los sitios con baja intensidad respecto al sitio control. Un Análisis de Complementariedad mostró una diferencia de hasta 86 % de disimilitud entre la composición de especies en sitios con el tratamiento intensivo. La intensidad del tratamiento estuvo asociada con un aumento en el número de especies, sin embargo la manera en que responden ante las modificaciones de hábitat depende en gran medida de las características poblacionales de cada especie, así como su habilidad de adaptación a las nuevas condiciones del hábitat.

Abstract:The development of silvicultural techniques has as main objective to maximize the production of timber, whereas at the same time minimize the impact generated during and after forest intervention in the local diversity. However, these activities change local climate, and this, in turn, alter the composition of natural communities. The effect of these changes may be greater in those taxonomic groups with high sensitivity to habitat disturbance, such as amphibians and reptiles, which are the unique terrestrial ectothermic vertebrates. The present study aims to know the differences in diversity of amphibians and reptiles in a temperate forest under two silvicultural treatments, one of low and the other of high intensity, as well as from one, five and ten years of regeneration since the last logging event, Sierra Sur of Oaxaca, Mexico. Records of 21 species of herpetofauna (six amphibians and 15 reptiles) were obtained. The total species richness was similar in both treatments; however, the composition varied between sites with different recovery times. Higher abundance of amphibian was presented on sites with the low-intensity treatment, while reptiles were more abundant at sites with intensive treatment. Compared to a mature forest without management, sites with intensive treatment have more rare species, although the values of true diversity of amphibians were similar between treatments with different intensities, while for reptiles sites under treatment showed less diversity that unmanaged site: 33 % for intensive treatment and 28 % at sites with low intensity with respect to one control site. Complementary Analysis showed a difference of 86 % between the compositions of species in sites with intensive treatment. The treatment intensity was associated with an increase in the number of species, but the way they respond to changes in habitat depends largely on the population characteristics of each species and its ability to adapt to new conditions. Rev. Biol. Trop. 64 (3): 931-943. Epub 2016 September 01.